、原地交换两个数字
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x, y = 10 , 20 print (x, y) y, x = x, y print (x, y) |
10 20
20 10
2、链状比较操作符
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n = 10 print ( 1 < n < 20 ) print ( 1 > n < = 9 ) |
True
False
3、使用三元操作符来实现条件赋值
[表达式为真的返回值] if [表达式] else [表达式为假的返回值]
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y = 20 x = 9 if (y = = 10 ) else 8 print (x) |
8
# 找abc中最小的数
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def small(a, b, c): return a if a<b and a<c else (b if b<a and b<c else c) print (small( 1 , 0 , 1 )) print (small( 1 , 2 , 2 )) print (small( 2 , 2 , 3 )) print (small( 5 , 4 , 3 )) |
0
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# 列表推导 x = [m * * 2 if m> 10 else m * * 4 for m in range ( 50 )] print (x) |
[0, 1, 16, 81, 256, 625, 1296, 2401, 4096, 6561, 10000, 121, 144, 169, 196, 225, 256, 289, 324, 361, 400, 441, 484, 529, 576, 625, 676, 729, 784, 841, 900, 961, 1024, 1089, 1156, 1225, 1296, 1369, 1444, 1521, 1600, 1681, 1764, 1849, 1936, 2025, 2116, 2209, 2304, 2401]
4、多行字符串
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multistr = "select * from multi_row \ where row_id < 5 " print (multistr) select * from multi_row where row_id < 5 multistr = """select * from multi_row where row_id < 5""" print (multistr) select * from multi_row where row_id < 5 multistr = ( "select * from multi_row" "where row_id < 5" "order by age" ) print (multistr) select * from multi_rowwhere row_id < 5order by age |
5、存储列表元素到新的变量
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testList = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] x, y, z = testList # 变量个数应该和列表长度严格一致 print (x, y, z) |
1 2 3
6、打印引入模块的绝对路径
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import threading import socket print (threading) print (socket) <module 'threading' from 'd:\\python351\\lib\\threading.py' > <module 'socket' from 'd:\\python351\\lib\\socket.py' > |
7、交互环境下的“_”操作符
在python控制台,不论我们测试一个表达式还是调用一个方法,结果都会分配给一个临时变量“_”
8、字典/集合推导
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testDic = {i: i * i for i in range ( 10 )} testSet = {i * 2 for i in range ( 10 )} print (testDic) print (testSet) |
{0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25, 6: 36, 7: 49, 8: 64, 9: 81}
{0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18}
9、调试脚本
用pdb模块设置断点
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import pdb pdb.ste_trace() |
10、开启文件分享
python允许开启一个HTTP服务器从根目录共享文件
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python - m http.server |
11、检查python中的对象
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test = [ 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 ] print ( dir (test)) |
[‘__add__’, ‘__class__’, ‘__contains__’, ‘__delattr__’, ‘__delitem__’, ‘__dir__’, ‘__doc__’, ‘__eq__’, ‘__format__’, ‘__ge__’, ‘__getattribute__’, ‘__getitem__’, ‘__gt__’, ‘__hash__’, ‘__iadd__’, ‘__imul__’, ‘__init__’, ‘__iter__’, ‘__le__’, ‘__len__’, ‘__lt__’, ‘__mul__’, ‘__ne__’, ‘__new__’, ‘__reduce__’, ‘__reduce_ex__’, ‘__repr__’, ‘__reversed__’, ‘__rmul__’, ‘__setattr__’, ‘__setitem__’, ‘__sizeof__’, ‘__str__’, ‘__subclasshook__’, ‘append’, ‘clear’, ‘copy’, ‘count’, ‘extend’, ‘index’, ‘insert’, ‘pop’, ‘remove’, ‘reverse’, ‘sort’]
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test = range ( 10 ) print ( dir (test)) |
[‘__class__’, ‘__contains__’, ‘__delattr__’, ‘__dir__’, ‘__doc__’, ‘__eq__’, ‘__format__’, ‘__ge__’, ‘__getattribute__’, ‘__getitem__’, ‘__gt__’, ‘__hash__’, ‘__init__’, ‘__iter__’, ‘__le__’, ‘__len__’, ‘__lt__’, ‘__ne__’, ‘__new__’, ‘__reduce__’, ‘__reduce_ex__’, ‘__repr__’, ‘__reversed__’, ‘__setattr__’, ‘__sizeof__’, ‘__str__’, ‘__subclasshook__’, ‘count’, ‘index’, ‘start’, ‘step’, ‘stop’]
12、简化if语句
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# use following way to verify multi values if m in [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]: # do not use following way if m = = 1 or m = = 2 or m = = 3 or m = = 4 : |
13、运行时检测python版本
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import sys if not hasattr (sys, "hexversion" ) or sys.version_info ! = ( 2 , 7 ): print ( "sorry, you are not running on python 2.7" ) print ( "current python version:" , sys.version) |
sorry, you are not running on python 2.7
current python version: 3.5.1 (v3.5.1:37a07cee5969, Dec 6 2015, 01:54:25) [MSC v.1900 64 bit (AMD64)]
14、组合多个字符串
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test = [ "I" , "Like" , "Python" ] print (test) print ("".join(test)) |
[‘I’, ‘Like’, ‘Python’]
ILikePython
15、四种翻转字符串、列表的方式
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16、用枚举在循环中找到索引
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test = [ 10 , 20 , 30 ] for i, value in enumerate (test): print (i, ':' , value) |
0 : 10
1 : 20
2 : 30
17、定义枚举量
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class shapes: circle, square, triangle, quadrangle = range ( 4 ) print (shapes.circle) print (shapes.square) print (shapes.triangle) print (shapes.quadrangle) |
0
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18、从方法中返回多个值
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def x(): return 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 a, b, c, d = x() print (a, b, c, d) |
1 2 3 4
19、使用*运算符unpack函数参数
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def test(x, y, z): print (x, y, z) testDic = { 'x' : 1 , 'y' : 2 , 'z' : 3 } testList = [ 10 , 20 , 30 ] test( * testDic) test( * * testDic) test( * testList) |
z x y
1 2 3
10 20 30
20、用字典来存储表达式
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stdcalc = { "sum" : lambda x, y: x + y, "subtract" : lambda x, y: x - y } print (stdcalc[ "sum" ]( 9 , 3 )) print (stdcalc[ "subtract" ]( 9 , 3 )) |
12
6
21、计算任何数的阶乘
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import functools result = ( lambda k: functools. reduce ( int .__mul__, range ( 1 , k + 1 ), 1 ))( 3 ) print (result) |
6
22、找到列表中出现次数最多的数
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test = [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 1 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 ] print ( max ( set (test), key = test.count)) |
4
23、重置递归限制
python限制递归次数到1000,可以用下面方法重置
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import sys x = 1200 print (sys.getrecursionlimit()) sys.setrecursionlimit(x) print (sys.getrecursionlimit()) |
1000
1200
24、检查一个对象的内存使用
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import sys x = 1 print (sys.getsizeof(x)) # python3.5中一个32比特的整数占用28字节 |
28
25、使用slots减少内存开支
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import sys # 原始类 class FileSystem( object ): def __init__( self , files, folders, devices): self .files = files self .folder = folders self .devices = devices print (sys.getsizeof(FileSystem)) # 减少内存后 class FileSystem( object ): __slots__ = [ 'files' , 'folders' , 'devices' ] def __init__( self , files, folders, devices): self .files = files self .folder = folders self .devices = devices print (sys.getsizeof(FileSystem)) |
1016
888
26、用lambda 来模仿输出方法
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import sys lprint = lambda * args: sys.stdout.write( " " .join( map ( str , args))) lprint( "python" , "tips" , 1000 , 1001 ) |
python tips 1000 1001
27、从两个相关序列构建一个字典
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t1 = ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) t2 = ( 10 , 20 , 30 ) print ( dict ( zip (t1, t2))) |
{1: 10, 2: 20, 3: 30}
28、搜索字符串的多个前后缀
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print ( "http://localhost:8888/notebooks/Untitled6.ipynb" .startswith(( "http://" , "https://" ))) print ( "http://localhost:8888/notebooks/Untitled6.ipynb" .endswith(( ".ipynb" , ".py" ))) |
True
True
29、不使用循环构造一个列表
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import itertools import numpy as np test = [[ - 1 , - 2 ], [ 30 , 40 ], [ 25 , 35 ]] print ( list (itertools.chain.from_iterable(test))) |
[-1, -2, 30, 40, 25, 35]
30、实现switch-case语句
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def xswitch(x): return xswitch._system_dict.get(x, None ) xswitch._system_dict = { "files" : 10 , "folders" : 5 , "devices" : 2 } print (xswitch( "default" )) print (xswitch( "devices" )) |
None
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